The old Western Empires fell to a new Western order – modern liberalism. Now, they are rising from the ashes, threatening liberalism. The US may be tempted to become an empire too, but can it win when its adversaries are better at it? And can modernity survive without liberalism? In 1918, three empires—the Holy Roman, […]
First Notes on Geo-Philosophy
Ancient Roman and Ancient Chinese Foundations. “We think in relation to our geographical and historical contexts. Philosophy allows us to address the historical issues before us clearly and thoroughly.” (Speech at the First World History Frontiers Forum, organized by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, September 12, Beijing) The differences between the ancient Chinese state […]
A Global Historic Story in an Ancient Map
Revisiting Ancient China’s World Knowledge (talk delivered at the Hong Kong Book Fair in July) By the late 16th century, before Europeans arrived in China via sea routes, how much did ancient Chinese people know about the world? How did they imagine and understand the world they inhabited? This is not merely a question of […]
West against West
There are two Wests: one is dead, though pretending to be alive, and the other is thriving, though pretending to have troubles. They are different and must not be confused, lest great mistakes be made. For centuries, the West has struggled with the recurring idea of its own decline and looming disaster. While other nations refrain […]
The Worth of “Ideology”
Democracy is not only a value; it’s a powerful instrument, and forgetting it can damage China On the eve of the presidential inauguration, the US Supreme Court delivered a possibly historical verdict about the controversial social App Tik-Tok. The case was highly delicate because it was about choosing between national security or freedom of speech. […]



